| 现在我们国家在科技领域正奋起直追，尤其是在芯片和操作系统领域需要突破。芯片领域注重科技的突破，而操作系统最重要的是软件生态环境的建设，这就需要更多的自由软件开发者参与进来。华为的鸿蒙操作系统开源了，要成功，必须构建自己的生态系统。而构建生态系统的关键是社区环境，是乐于分享的开源精神。我感觉中文世界，这样的精神还是欠缺的，需要向西方的开源精神学习。我翻译了ubuntu官网的一篇网站，链接https://help.ubuntu.com/lts/installation-guide/amd64/ch01s03.html，跟大家分享下GNU/Linux的开源精神。 What is GNU/Linux?Linux is an operating system: a series of programs that let you interact with your computer and run other programs. An operating system consists of various fundamental programs which are needed by your computer so that it can communicate and receive instructions from users; read and write data to hard disks, tapes, and printers; control the use of memory; and run other software. The most important part of an operating system is the kernel. In a GNU/Linux system, Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the GNU Project. Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working operating system, we prefer to use the term "GNU/Linux" to refer to system that many people casually refer to as "Linux". Linux is modelled on the Unix operating system. From the start, Linux was designed to be a multi-tasking, multi-user system. These facts are enough to Linux different from other well-known operating system. However, Linux is even more different than you might imagine. In contrast to other operating systems, nobody owns Linux. Much of its development is done by unpaid volunteers. Development of what later became GNU/Linux began in 1984, when the Free Software Foundation began development of a free Unix-like operating system called GUN. The GNU Project has developed a comprehensive set of free software tools for use with Unix™ and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux. These tools enable users to perform tasks ranging from the mundane(such as copying or removing file from the system) to the arcane(such as writing and compiling programs or doing sophisticated editing in a variety of document formats). While many groups and individuals have contributed to Linux, the largest single contributor is still the Free Software Foundation which created not only most of the tools used in Linux, but alse the philosophy and the community that made Linux possible. The Linux kernel first appeared in 1991, when a Finnish computing science student named Linux Torvalds announced an early version of a replacement kernel for Minix to the Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix. See Linux Internation's Linux History Page. Linux Torvalds continues to coordinate the work of several hundred developers with the help of a number fo subsystem maintainers. There is an official website for the Linux kernel. Information about the linux-kernel mailing list can be found on the linux-kernel mailing list FAQ. Linux users have immense freedom of choice in their software. For example, Linux users can choose from a dozen different command line shells and several graphical desktops. This selection is often bewildering to users of other operating systems, who are not used to thinking of the command line or desktop as something that they can change. Linux is alse less likely to crash, better able to run more than one program at the same time, and more secure than many operating systems. With these advantages, Linux is the fastest growing operating system in the server market. More recently, Linux has begun to be popular among home and business users as well. 什么是GNU/Linux? Linux是一个操作系统，是一组程序，可以让你和你的电脑硬件交流，可以让你运行其他的程序。 操作系统由各种电脑必需基础软件构成，可以从用户接收指令，可以从硬盘、磁带和打印机读取和写入数据，可以控制内存的使用和运行其他软件。一个操作系统最重要的部分是内核。在GNU/Linux系统，Linux是内核部分，系统的其他部分由其他程序组成，大部分是由GNU Project所写，或是为GNU Project所写。因为单独的Linux内核并不是一个可用的操作系统，我们更喜欢用“GNU/Linux”去表示常常被人们不严谨地叫做“Linux”的操作系统。 Linux是仿照Unix操作系统设计的。从一开始，Linux就被设计为多任务、多用户系统，这足以让Linux不同于其他知名的操作系统。然而，Linux比你想象的更加与众不同。相比其他操作系统，Linux不属于任何人，大部分的系统开发由志愿者无偿完成。 GNU/Linux的开发可以追溯到1984年，当时Free Software Foundation 开始开发叫做GNU的属于自由软件的类Unix的操作系统。 GNU Project 已经为Unix和类Unix（例如Linux）的操作系统开发了几乎包含一切的自由软件工具包。这些工具包让用户可以完成很多工作任务，从寻常的复制、移动文件，到神秘的编写和编译程序或者在各类格式的文档中老练地编辑。 有很多组织和个人为Linux的发展做贡献，然而最大的单个贡献者仍然是Free Software Foundation。这个组织不仅为Linux创建的绝大多数的工具，还建立了让Linux成为可能的精神内涵和社区环境。 Linux内核的第一版发表于1991年。当时一个叫Linus Torvalds的计算机系的芬兰的学生在Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix发布了可以取代Minix的早期版本的内核。详细看Linux History Page. Linux Torvalds 在一些子系统管理者的帮助下，继续整合数百位开发者的工作。有一个关于Linux内核的官方网站。关于Linux内核邮箱列表信息可以在linux-kernel mailing list FAQ.找到。 Linux的用户有极大的自由去选择软件。例如，Linux的用户可以选择很多的命令行shell，和一些图形化桌面。这种多样的选择常常让其他操作系统的用户感到困惑，因为他们对多种命令行和桌面的选择感到不习惯。 Linux操作系统更不容易崩溃，可以更好地同时运行多道程序，比其他很多操作系统更安全。因为这些优点，Linux在服务器市场增长最快。最近，Linux操作系统已经开始在家庭和商业用户中流行。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 我们尊重原创，也注重分享，文章来源于微信公众号：扬帆通信，建议关注公众号查看原文。如若侵权请联系qter@qter.org。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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